Clean Car Standards
Litigation: EDF Threatens Suit Over Omitted Vehicle
GHG Documents. According to Inside EPA,
“The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) is threatening to file suit over EPA’s failure to release internal staff comments critical of the Trump administration’s rollback of vehicle greenhouse gas standards, charging that not disclosing the information alongside
the final rule violates the Clean Air Act. The group’s May 8 letter notice of intent to sue escalates long-standing concern that political officials sidelined career EPA staff in developing the controversial rollback -- one of several critiques of the rule
that will be part of a barrage of litigation filed by states and environmentalists. The lawsuit threat comes after Senate Environment & Public Works Committee ranking member Tom Carper (D-DE) in February publicly warned about indications that the EPA staff
comments were suppressed during interagency review of the rollback, in an effort to block them from eventual public release. ‘The Clean Air Act requires that all drafts of a final rule ‘submitted [to the Office of Management & Budget (OMB)] for any interagency
review process’ as well as ‘all . . . written comments thereon’’ and accompanying documents be included in the regulatory docket when a rule is finalized, EDF writes in its letter to EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler. ‘Public sources indicate that the Rule’s
interagency review process was highly irregular, and that EPA has not publicly docketed some of the required documents,’ the group continues.” [Inside EPA,
5/8/20
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Green Group Threatens EPA Lawsuit Over Auto Emissions
Docs. According to Politico, “The Environmental
Defense Fund says it will sue EPA for documents related to development of the Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles rule (Reg. 2060-AU09) that was finalized last month. The group cites a Feb. 26 letter from Sen. Tom Carper (D-Del.) to EPA Inspector
General Sean O’Donnell that alleged ‘irregularities’ in the rulemaking and interagency review process. Citing unnamed sources, Carper’s letter alleged that EPA experts were blocked from reviewing key parts of the rule and that they were directed to file eventual
technical comments in hard copy, supposedly to avoid disclosure requirements. EPA disputed Carper’s allegations. No documents reflecting Carper’s allegations have been posted to the rule’s docket, where the agencies have released many other documents from
the interagency review. EDF says that is unlawful. ‘EPA impermissibly promulgated the Rule without publicly docketing all interagency review materials required by the Clean Air Act, thereby denying the public access to core information that is central to transparent
decision-making,’ EDF wrote. ‘If EPA does not remedy this improper conduct and serious violation of law, EDF intends to sue the agency for failing to perform this clear, discrete, and important duty by the deadline prescribed in the Act.’ EDF said it will
file a lawsuit in as soon as 60 days. In a statement, EPA said it will ‘review and respond as appropriate and in due course.’” [Politico,
5/8/20
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Green Group Threatens To Sue EPA For Withholding
Docs. According to E&E News, “An environmental
group today threatened to sue EPA over its failure to release documents underpinning the Trump administration’s rollback of clean car standards. The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) this afternoon sent a formal notice of intent to sue to EPA Administrator
Andrew Wheeler. The agency has 60 days to release the documents to avoid litigation. The records in question reportedly show that EPA career staff submitted comments outlining serious concerns with the rollback, which stands to weaken the clean car standards
established by former President Obama. EPA political appointees allegedly blocked those comments from inclusion in the rulemaking docket, thus concealing them from the public. ‘The Trump administration’s withholding of these documents is highly irregular and
undermines the American people’s right to know what their government is doing — especially in light of the profound impact this rollback will have on human health and climate security,’ EDF lead attorney Peter Zalzal said in a statement today. The rollback,
formally known as the Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule, is a joint endeavor between EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Sen. Tom Carper of Delaware, the top Democrat on the Environment and Public Works Committee,
first sounded the alarm about the withheld documents in a February letter to EPA’s inspector general (Greenwire, March 2).” [E&E News,
5/8/20
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Auto Manufacturers
Tesla Tells Workers It Will Reopen California Factory Despite County Order.
According to the New York Times, “Tesla told employees it would restart its factory in
Fremont, Calif., on Friday. But the electric car company’s plans do not comply with a local government order that has not cleared large manufacturers to resume operations. The company informed employees of the plan in companywide emails sent late Thursday
and early Friday. The emails were sent after Gov. Gavin Newsom said manufacturing companies could restart operations even as other businesses were to stay closed because of the coronavirus pandemic. The governor also said that local governments could impose
tougher restrictions than those in force statewide. A coalition of health officials from six counties in the San Francisco Bay Area and the city of Berkeley have chosen to maintain to stricter limits in their most recent order, issued on Monday. That order
allowed construction, landscaping, agricultural and other outdoor businesses to resume operations, but restaurants, bars, or other indoor businesses ‘that do not permit physical distancing or have high-touch equipment’ must remain closed. ‘Tesla has been informed
that they do not meet these criteria and must not reopen,’ Neetu Balram, a spokeswoman for Alameda County, which includes Fremont, said in a statement. It was not clear on Friday afternoon whether the plant had restarted. Tesla representatives did not respond
to a request for comment. In an email to employees that was reviewed by The New York Times, the head of human resources for North America, Valerie Workman, said the company was in compliance with the local order and said 30 percent of Tesla’s normal staff
members would be asked to report to work per shift.” [New York Times, 5/8/20
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Tesla Trade-In Values Are Holding Up Better Than Gas Cars During Pandemic.
According to Electrek, “Catherine Wood, chief executive of ARK Investment Management,
yesterday addressed concerns about how electric vehicle adoption will be affected by low oil prices. She underscored that the biggest factor for total-cost-of-ownership is auto residual values. While the value of used cars is tumbling, the trade-in values
of Tesla EVs are holding firm. The pandemic’s effect on the economy is playing out in unpredictable ways. Wood pointed to the predicament faced by car rental companies during the crises. Wood, a long-time proponent of Tesla, spoke with ‘Bloomberg Wall Street
Week:’ Hertz and Avis are in such financial difficulty that they have been forced to sell some of their fleets into the used car market, so used car prices have started dropping at an accelerating rate, which means that the residual values of cars or the trade-in
values are dropping accordingly. Wood explained that this situation is ‘a plus’ for Tesla, as its cars are retaining their residual value relative to gas-powered used cars. EVs have an economic advantage over gas-powered cars based on a lower cost for fuel
and maintenance. But depreciation is the biggest line item for overall vehicle costs. Wood said: According to our analysis and research, the total cost of ownership of an electric vehicle, especially a Tesla, is lower than that of a gas-powered vehicle if
you give it three years. The most important variable there is the trade-in value for cars. Tesla’s trade-in values are holding up much better than the residual values or the trade-in values for 90% of gas-powered cars. 90% of all new car purchases involve
a used car.” [Electrek, 5/9/20
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Elon Musk On Lockdown: 'This Is The Final Straw'.
According to E&E News, “Tesla Inc. jumped further into the coronavirus lockdown controversy
Saturday by suing the California county keeping its factory closed, while CEO Elon Musk threatened to move company headquarters out of the state. The moves deepened an ongoing showdown between officials in the San Francisco Bay Area, home to some of the most
stringent coronavirus lockdown rules, and the country’s biggest maker of electric vehicles. In a tweet Saturday, Musk said, ‘Frankly, this is the final straw. Tesla will now move its HQ and future programs to Texas/Nevada immediately. If we even retain Fremont
manufacturing activity at all, it will be dependen[t] on how Tesla is treated in the future. Tesla is the last carmaker left in CA.’ Also Saturday, Tesla sued Alameda County, the jurisdiction in which its factory sits, in federal court, arguing that the county’s
coronavirus safety measures are contrary to state and federal guidelines. The conflict spilled into the political arena as Lorena Gonzalez, a liberal Democratic state assemblywoman from Southern California, tweeted ‘F*ck Elon Musk.’ Musk is no stranger to
controversy, but this one-two offensive puts him in unusual company. The mercurial CEO is perhaps the best-known business leader in California, the bluest of Democratic states — which have generally abided by social distancing measures meant to stem the spread
of a deadly virus. Yet Musk has adopted an open-it-up rallying cry that puts him in the company of Republican, red-state activists who argue that the lockdowns must end to stem catastrophic job losses.” [E&E News,
5/11/20
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Large Auto Leasing Company: Electric Cars Have Mostly Lower Total Cost In Europe.
According to Clean Technica, “A major Dutch leasing company, LeasePlan, has thought a
lot about the total cost of ownership of a vehicle. It is getting more and more bullish about electric vehicles. Last year it released a white paper on the topic, after conducting nearly 1000 vehicle ownership scenarios in 13 European countries. Aside from
sharing some tips for anyone trying to conduct their own comparisons, including notes about how you simply cannot compare apples and oranges in a purely objective way, the firm offered a handful of interesting takeaways. It also had one somewhat surprising
conclusion. ‘All the scenarios were averaged across all countries and compared within the same segment (e.g. a B-segment ICE vehicle was compared with a B-segment EV vehicle). The results show that the EV has a lower TCO than the ICE vehicle in 508 of the
912 comparison scenarios, equating to a majority at 56%. The ICE vehicle has a lower TCO than the EV in the remaining 44% of the scenarios.’ First of all, let’s just highlight that the percentages here could be 100% to 0% or o% to 100% if you adjusted the
assumptions enough, and these comparisons are built on big assumptions. Nonetheless, I think LeasePlan wanted to try for a fair spread of common scenarios and see how things played out. As I always recommend when I publish my own TCO reports, everyone should
run the numbers for their own expected scenario. ‘There are clear differences in the average cost elements between ICE vehicles and EVs, as illustrated in the figure below.” [Clean Technica,
5/8/20
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Electric Vehicles
Why Electric Vehicles Are Going To Take Over The World.
According to Forbes, “Interesting times in the electric vehicle market, as more and more carmakers try to position themselves in what
looks like a second phase of growth. In the luxury market segment, the announced launch of Tesla’s Cybertruck has galvanized a market that, in the United States, buys two million vehicles each year. What at first looked like a prototype of a prototype, has
turned out to be a completely revolutionary design that combines a unique-looking vehicle with much lower manufacturing costs than expected. With more than half-a-million orders on its books, the company is now prioritizing its production over the Roadster.
The reason is simple: the Roadster appeals to a relatively marginal market and, from a target audience point of view, does not contribute much to the segments in which the brand already had significant appeal, whereas the Cybertruck, if successful, could allow
it to dominate a very important and iconic part of the market that is fundamental to achieving mass popularity in a country like the United States. In the economy segment, Volkswagen has announced plans to launch a family of electric vehicles priced at below
$22,000, targeting city dwellers and not originally designed for the US, which was originally going to be launched under the Seat brand. Affordable mobility is an important segment that could shift a lot of units. Electric mobility gives car designers much
more creative freedom with fewer constraints than traditional vehicles, where pretty much everything has already been invented, and could lead to revolutionary vehicles that look very different to anything we’ve seen so far.” [Forbes,
5/9/20
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Shanghai Implements Internet-Of-Vehicle Plans With 100,000 New Data-Collecting EV Chargers.
According to Electrek, “The Shanghai Municipal Government yesterday announced its smart-city action plan. Activities include adding
100,000 charging ports, so-called Internet-of-Vehicle roadways, and 34,500 5G base stations. Those charging ports double as interactive devices that collect a lot of data, including ‘user portraits.’ In April, China’s largest utility companies announced plans
to construct charging ports at a scale 10 times bigger than last year. Xin Guobin, deputy minister of Industry and Information Technology, said the network of charging stations, battery-swap locations, and big data would be the foundation of China’s strategy
for new energy vehicles. The new charging ports, or piles, will have enhanced data-collecting capabilities. Sun Huifeng, president of CCID Consulting, told China Daily: They can offer battery information, user habits, vehicle location, and other data. With
such data, services including secondhand car evaluation and user portraits can be further expanded. Wu Hao, the high-tech chief of China’s state planning commission, said the multi-pronged approach would use big data, artificial intelligence, and smart-energy
infrastructure. Shanghai will be the ‘benchmark city’ with a ‘blue-chip urban network of smart terminal facilities,’ according to Gasgoo, an automotive news site. Ding Rui, chief executive of electric vehicle solution provider X-Charge, said: Charging piles
[what we call ‘ports’] are not merely a charging station. Charging is just a 2% function of a charging pile, and the remaining 98 percent will be interactive. Sam Abuelsamid, an analyst at Navigant Research, estimates the number of charging ports (including
cord sets) available in China at 3.4 million. That’s twice the number as found in North America.” [Electrek,
5/8/20
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Clean Trucks Like The Tesla Semi Are More Important Than Ever.
According to Clean Technica, “Clean trucks such as the Tesla Semi are needed now more than ever. According to Popular Mechanics, in
2016, there were at least 2.8 million semi trucks registered in the US. Paul Billings from the American Lung Association told The New York Times, ‘Trucks remain a major source of pollution that creates smog, and smog is linked with coughing, wheezing, shortness
of breath, and can cause asthma and premature death.’ Despite the fact that COVID-19 has more people staying home, GreenBiz reports that larger polluters are exploiting the pandemic to attack vital environmental rules. They pressure government agencies for
regulatory delays and rollbacks, and also to try to weaken enforcement. GreenBiz points out that a major target of their lobbying is the Advanced Clean Trucks rule, which aims to put clean, zero-emission trucks on California’s roads in 2024. The type of symptoms
caused by smog may sound familiar, since they are also symptoms of COVID-19. In fact, studies have shown those living in more polluted cities have had more cases with the virus — perhaps due to smog. Research shows that almost 80% of COVID-19 deaths across
four countries were in heavily polluted regions. Other large vehicles that put out more pollution than regular cars include emergency vehicles such as fire trucks and ambulances. There are also buses — such as school buses and even Greyhound buses. We have
some established electric bus companies, such as Proterra, that are manufacturing clean, zero-emissions buses, but we still have a ways to go. One of the many challenges is the cost of making these vehicles.” [Electrek,
5/9/20
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Not Quite A Car, Not Quite A Motorcycle: A Vehicle Built For One.
According to the New York Times, “For decades, the country’s best-selling vehicles have been pickup trucks. Hulking, gas-powered models
from Ford, Ram and Chevy have had a grip on the market that seems unbreakable. But there will always be companies that try to upend the status quo, powered by idealistic thinking and, ideally, deep pockets. One such company is set to take its shot this summer
with a single-seat car called the Solo. A tiny, three-wheeled electric, it will be available in Los Angeles later this year. ‘So many vehicles are being driven by one person,’ said Paul Rivera, chief executive of the Solo’s manufacturer, ElectraMeccanica,
based in Vancouver, British Columbia. ‘Why does everybody think they need to drive around and leave three or four empty seats?’ Nearly 90 percent of Americans who commute by car, truck, van or motorcycle drive alone, according to the Census Bureau. Positioning
itself as a right-size alternative to hauling around all of that excess automotive tonnage, the Solo takes up about a quarter of the space of a typical S.U.V. It also looks like a car — at least from the front — with the usual hood, grille and headlights.
Take a peek from behind, however, and it tapers down to just one wheel. Technically, the Solo is a motorcycle, though it’s fully enclosed
and drives like a car with a steering wheel and foot pedals. It has only one seat, but it’s accessible with doors on both sides. It also has a trunk, and amenities common to a full-size passenger vehicle, including Bluetooth stereo, air conditioning and a
backup camera.” [New York Times, 5/10/20
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Research and Analysis
Debunking Attacks On Clean Energy Manufacturing Emissions.
According to Clean Technica, “Opposition to clean energy technologies that attack viable solutions on the grounds of the environmental
impacts associated with the processes that manufacture them lacks a historical understanding of energy transitions. These arguments often cry erroneous claims like highlighting the dirty electricity that sometimes powers electric vehicles, the manufacturing
of steel tubes that support wind turbines, and the mining operations of lithium for batteries. These claims force all walks of environmentalists and climate deniers to question the impacts of upstream manufacturing processes when such processes are in fact
necessary to transition to a clean energy ecosystem. History shows, however, that energy transitions are achievable only with the aid of the preceding energy ecosystem. The truth of the matter is currently that, yes, electricity for EVs will often have some
mix of non-renewable electricity*, the creation of steel for wind turbines is an emissions-heavy process, and the mining of lithium strips the earth of valuable minerals and pollutes the air in the process. Whether the environmental pros of clean technologies
currently outweigh the cons of their upstream manufacturing processes is not the discussion to be had (although, evidence significantly favors the pros). The real understanding that must be appreciated is that history shows one energy ecosystem must be leveraged
in order to create another. Human and animal power was a major catalyst during the transition from a foodstuff-based energy ecosystem to one based on the steam engine and the water turbine.” [Clean Technica,
5/9/20
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The Car Is Staging A Comeback, Spurring Oil’s Recovery.
According to Bloomberg, “James Li, a public relations account director, would rather spend an hour sitting in Beijing traffic than risk
30 minutes exposed to crowds on a train. ‘Traffic is as bad as it could be’ but the subway is still too dicey, he said. In Frankfurt, real estate assistant Anna Pawliczek is driving to work for the first time in her career. ‘I definitely have always preferred
to chill out in the train, instead of being stuck at traffic lights,’ she said. But days after Germany ended its lockdown, her company is asking returning employees to avoid public transportation at all costs. Gasoline demand is rebounding, suggesting that
the car -- at least for now -- is making a comeback. As lockdowns ease and parts of the world reopen for business, driving has emerged as the socially distant transportation mode of choice and is offering some near-term relief to an oil market fresh off its
worst crash in history and reeling from an unprecedented collapse in energy demand. ‘People are using more their cars because they are afraid to use public transportation,’ Patrick Pouyanne, the chief executive of French oil giant Total SA, said. It’s too
soon to say whether this change is permanent. In some parts of Asia that reopened earlier than the rest of the world, people are venturing back onto trains. And it’s unclear whether global gasoline demand will ever fully recover. But on the streets of Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou, morning traffic is now higher than 2019 averages while subway use is well below normal, according to data compiled by BloombergNEF. Volume on Beijing’s metro system is 53% below pre-virus levels. Subway usage in Shanghai and Guangzhou
is down 29% and 39%, respectively.” [Bloomberg, 5/10/20
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Transport After Coronavirus: How Will We Fly, Drive, Commute And Ride?
According to The Guardian, “Before the pandemic struck, Sara Blazey made the same three-hour commute to work, three days a week, for
the better part of 12 years. The 63-year-old family lawyer from the Blue Mountains works for a domestic violence legal advice hotline in Parramatta and it used to be that she would wake at 7am, drive seven minutes to Hazelbrook station and from there catch
the 7.17am train to Parramatta before making the same one-and-a-half hour trip home in the evening. With the pandemic, all that would change. Domestic violence support services such as the one Blazey worked for were declared ‘essential’ services, meaning they
could keep operating despite restrictions. To ensure they could do so safely, the organisation did what some commentators long thought impossible and began to transition its employees into working from home. ‘There were a couple of us older ones in the office
who said it all sounds too hard, really,’ Blazey says. ‘And then we were reluctant to work from home. My home is my home. I don’t particularly want to do my work from there.’ As the country went through a collective tech upgrade, millions of workers like Blazey
retreated from office blocks and entire cities emptied out. It was a pattern that would be replicated worldwide. Streets devoid of cars and pavements free of people were so haunting that photographs of cities including New York, Paris and Sydney were shared
across social media. Within Australia, the scale of this change was captured in data obtained by the Grattan Institute.” [The Guardian,
5/8/20
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International
China Snaps Long Losing Streak for Auto Sales, but Growth May Be Short-Lived.
According to the Wall Street Journal, “China’s auto market grew in April, overcoming an early-year collapse triggered by the coronavirus
shutdown and ending a 21-month streak of declines that has shaken the world’s largest auto market. Sales last month grew 4.4% from a year earlier to 2.07 million vehicles, the government-backed China Association of Automobile Manufacturers said Monday. The
increase is an important psychological boost to an industry that last charted growth in June 2018. Its sales were decimated by the coronavirus pandemic in the January-to-March period. But the good news could prove to be short-lived, the association warned.
‘We don’t see this month’s growth as a normal phenomenon, as the domestic epidemic eased and consumers delayed purchases until recently,’ said Chen Shihua, the association’s deputy secretary-general. ‘It is difficult to guarantee positive growth in the coming
months.’ The April numbers got a boost from commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses, whose sales were up 32% in April, hitting a record high. Commercial vehicle sales in China typically rise when the government makes efforts to stimulate the economy.
Meanwhile, passenger car sales were down 2.6%. When auto sales last grew in China, the market was riding a decadeslong boom that few analysts or industry participants expected would end. After charting record sales of 28.9 million vehicles in 2017, auto makers
looked set to break through the 30 million-vehicle barrier with ease.” [Wall Street Journal,
5/11/20
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One Way The Coronavirus Could Transform Europe’s Cities: More Space For Bikes.
According to the Washington Post, “When residents of Europe’s major cities finally emerge from weeks of lockdowns later this month,
they’ll be met with at least one enduring change from the pandemic: miles and miles of new bike lanes. Officials across the continent, from Paris to Brussels to London to Milan, are scrambling to provide commuters with alternatives to the public buses and
trains that millions once used for transportation each day but that don’t allow for social distancing. Leaders and urban planners also see a unique opportunity to advance green policy goals. The result may fundamentally transform the European city. ‘There’s
a positive aspect of this horror,’ said Jean-Louis Missika, deputy mayor of Paris, one of the cities leading the charge. ‘Never has the city been less polluted. Parisians have much appreciated it, and I think there will be strong changes in the behavior of
people, in terms of movement.’ This sentiment is shared in Europe’s other major urban centers. ‘It’s a strange window of opportunity, a window that of course we wouldn’t have asked for had we known the consequences,’ said Henk Swarttouw, vice president of
the European Cyclists’ Federation, a Brussels-based advocacy group. ‘But now that it’s here, we need to jump into it.’ In some parts of Europe, such as the Netherlands, cycling has long been a way of life and a source of regional pride. But in countries where
that’s not the case, governments are already reclaiming portions of busy thoroughfares to install new bike lanes. In the United States, the city of Seattle is going as far as closing 20 miles of streets to most cars to allow for more space to walk and bike.”
[Washington Post, 5/10/20
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Opinion Pieces
Analysis: Imagine The UK Getting Rid Of Road Rage, Congestion And Exhaust Fumes For Ever.
According to Susanna Rustin in The Guardian, “It was a grim irony that the best transport
news in ages was buried in the first few days of the coronavirus lockdown. On 26 March, the government published a document, Decarbonising Transport, which went further in facing up to the problem of emissions from air and vehicle traffic than most campaigners
had dared to hope for. The challenge is enormous. In 2016, transport overtook energy to become the single biggest source of domestic emissions. Motor vehicles on their own are responsible for around a fifth of the total. On aviation, the UK is the world’s
third-worst polluter, behind China and the US. But here was the transport secretary, Grant Shapps, declaring that ‘public transport and active travel will be the natural first choice’, adding ‘we will use our cars less’ for anyone who missed the point. Transport
was to be a centrepiece of the UK’s preparations for the postponed Cop26 climate talks. Finally, it appeared we were on the way to grasping the nettle of our polluting driving and flying habits. Six weeks on, we are in a different world. Travel of all sorts
has collapsed: there were 90% fewer flights from European airports in April compared with a year ago. In the UK there are just 5% of the normal number of rail journeys, while road traffic has fallen to levels last seen in 1955. In the short-term, this means
steep drops in emissions: one estimate says the UK’s have fallen by 36%. But already experts are warning that unless strong action is taken, any temporary benefits could be quickly erased.” [The Guardian,
5/9/20
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Op-Ed: Electric Cars Are Here To Stay — Despite What The Oil Industry Thinks.
According to an op-ed by Michael Shank in The Hill, “Thanks to a new study by Harvard University – that there’s a clear link between long-term exposure to air pollution and higher
COVID-19 death rates, there’s yet another reason to electrify our transportation. (As if 50,000 Americans dying prematurely every year from transportation emissions pre-COVID-19 wasn’t enough to electrify cars and trucks.) Despite President Trump’s recent
attempts to further weaken emissions standards, and new attempts in Congress to bail out the auto industry (without pollution-reducing preconditions), the consumer market may have the final say, moving us to an all-electric — and thus healthier — future. Even
China understands the lethal pollution-coronavirus connection, prioritizing electric vehicles in their COVID-19 stimulus packages. America should do the same. Electric vehicles have suffered century-long beatings, but this time they’re sticking around. Why?
Because the technology is too good to ignore, markets are finally moving, and it’s a healthier, life-saving choice. That Super Bowl car commercials featured electric vehicles this year indicates that EVs are now the norm. It wasn’t always that way. There were
multiple births and many deaths, and now a rebirth that’s here to stay. First, many births. Few Americans know that electric vehicles in the U.S. date back to the early 1800s. It was American ingenuity at work. A husband-and-wife team, named Thomas and Emily
Davenport, based in Brandon, Vermont, were busy inventing the first electric motor and electric vehicle.” [The Hill,
5/8/20 (+)]
Chad Ellwood
Senior Research Associate
Climate Action Campaign
202.448.2877 ext. 119